Ca Tru Singing

Originating as a form of entertainment in royal palaces, Ca tru flourished in the 15^th century in Vietnam and has since expanded to be performed in communal houses, inns, and private homes. To perform Ca tru, at least three performers are required: a female singer who is responsible for the vocals while playing the “phach” (an instrument made of wood or bamboo incorporating two elements—a bamboo platform and small wooden sticks used to beat on the platform); a musician who plays the “dan day” (a long-necked lute with three silk strings and 10 frets); and a drummer (often a scholar or the creator of the song) who beats the “trong chau” (a praise drum).

While the singer is the centerpiece of the performance and the musician supports her vocals, the drummer takes on the role of an observer or evaluator of the show. The manner in which he beats the drum indicates his appreciation of the performance; however, he also plays along with the rhythm of the “phach.” The term Ca tru can be literally translated as "tally card songs" because, in the past, audience members would compensate the female singer with bamboo cards, with the number of cards enjoyed equating to the payment she would receive. In the 20^th century, Ca tru almost lost its popularity as it was unfairly associated with prostitution and the objectification of women; this stigma largely arose from the social conventions of feudal society, where men often maintained multiple wives, rather than from the art form itself.

In recent years, Ca tru has gained significant attention both locally and internationally. It was inscribed as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2009, just one day after Quan Ho was recognized. As of 2025, efforts to preserve and revitalize this traditional art form have intensified, with various festivals, workshops, and performances being held across Vietnam and abroad to educate audiences about its rich history and cultural significance.